Traditional simulations of transport in tokamaks treat ion scales accurately but ignore or otherwise approximate intermediate-scale and electron-scale dynamics. Often (but not always) the effect of electron-scale physics is relatively small, and perhaps more importantly the cost of direct multiscale simulations is still typically prohibitive. In this presentation we discuss results of direct multiscale simulations of electron-scale dynamics embedded in ion-scale turbulence, as well as strategies to estimate the effects of electron-scale dynamics without direct simulation.
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