In the cybernetic tradition, a distinction is made between weak and strong anticipatory control mechanisms. While the former relies on internal simulations to generate predictions of the future, the latter has a sense of the future “built in” for predictive behavior. I will discuss a normative theory regarding how human experts may exhibit such strong anticipation in higher-order reasoning. This theory will then be contextualised in an experimental study of human experts engaged in large-scale planning in an ecologically valid setting - the city of London.
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